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Arduino Programming (EN)
To write programs for the Arduino, we can use an integrated programming environment (IDE),that was developed by David Mellis and heavily influenced by Processing. This makes it particularly easy for us to get started - but there are a few differences when we are programming for a microcontroller. For Arduino we use a simplified variant of C / C ++. Since Arduino is based on Processing, the interface and syntax of both programs look very similar. The programming environment also looks very similar.
Integrated Programming Environment (IDE)
Basic structure
The basic structure of an arduino program always includes the setup () and loop () functions. Setup () is only called once when the program is started (either after transferring it to the board or after pressing the reset button). In this function, the pins are set as inputs or outputs, the serial interface is activated or external libraries are initialized. The loop () function runs continuously as long as the Arduino is switched on.
Example Code
#define LED_PIN 13
int counter = 0;
void setup()
{
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);
delay(1000);
counter++;
}Variables
int (byte, int, uint, long, ulong)
A whole number
I.e. int x = 22;
float (double)
Floating Point number
I.e. float y = 1.234;
char
Character
I.e. char z = “a”;
String
A collection of characters
I.e. String testString = “Arduino”;
boolean
A binary variable
I.e. boolean state = false;
Operators
Arithmetic operators (+,-,*,/,=,%)
Example Arithmetic Operators
x = 3+2; // x = 5
y = 2-1; // y = 1
z = 5*2; // z = 10
i = 10/2; // i = 5
r = 9%5; // r = 4Comparison operators (,=,==,!=)
Example comparative operators
if(100 != 120) // Condition
{
// Performed action
}Boolean Operators (&&,||,!)
Example Boolean Operators
if(digitalRead(2) == HIGH) // Condition
{
// Performed action
}Compound operators (++,–,+=,-=,*=,/=)
Beispiel Zusammengesetzte Operatoren
x++ // x plus 1
y– // y minus 1
z+=2 // z plus 2
i-=5 // i minus 5Conditionals Examples:
Example if...
if(x>120)
{
// Action when x is greater than 120
}Example if...else
if(x>120)
{
// Action when x is greater than 120
}
else
{
// Action when x is smaller than or exactly 120
}Example for...
for(int i=0; i<=255; i++)
{
// action repeated 255 times, with i++ every iteration
}Example switch...
switch(var)
{
case 1:
// Action when var equals 1
break;
case 2:
// Action when var equals 2
break;
default:
// Action when var is niether 1 or 2
}Example while...
var = 0;
while(var<120)
{
// Action repeated 120 times
var++;
}Example break...
for(int i=0; i<200; i++)
{
digitalWrite(5,i);
sensorValue = analogRead(0);
if(sensorValue>200)
{
i = 0; // Exit loop early
break;
}
delay(100);
}Example return...
int checkSensor()
{
if(analogRead>200)
{
return 1; // checkSensor function returns a 1
}
else
{
return 0; // checkSensor function returns a 1
}
}